Septic tanks are buried tanks made of durable materials such as concrete, plastic, or fiberglass. It retains the wastewater long enough for solids to settle out of the liquid. Solids settle to the bottom forming sludge, oils and lighter materials rise to the top forming a scum layer.
This separation process thins out toxic substances before liquid streams out to the next treatment phase. Septic tanks are used in homes and small communities to keep the water clean and protect public health.
How It Works
To underline its importance, one has to know how a septic tank treats wastewater. The process is gravity-based and involves natural bacteria.
- Wastewater flows in through an inlet pipe into the tank.
- The heavier solids settle to the bottom, and lighter materials float to the top.
- Some of the solids are broken down by naturally occurring bacteria.
- The clear liquid (effluent) flows out through an outlet pipe to a drainfield or another treatment unit.
These steps continue to operate smoothly with regular maintenance.
Types of Septic Systems
Each site condition requires a different system design. Make the right type selection, which ensures effective treatment and long life.
- The conventional system is a tank plus a drainfield of perforated pipes laid in gravel trenches. Effluent leaks into the ground, which acts as a filter for harmful bacteria and nutrients.
- There are a few different systems available: a chamber system that uses plastic chambers instead of gravel, and a drip distribution system that uses small tubing to disperse the effluent more evenly. So, some mound systems or aerobic units provide additional steps before effluent returns to the land in poor soil areas.
Tank Materials
Septic tanks are made from different materials, and each has its advantages and disadvantages.
- Concrete: Concrete tanks are incredibly hardy and can withstand various weights and pressures from the ground. These are very common but can crack over time, if not reinforced and if the ground shifts.
- Plastic (Polyethylene): Plastic tanks are strong yet lightweight and resistant to rust and corrosion. They come with pre-cast and are easy to erect but may need anchoring in high groundwater areas.
- Fiberglass: Fiberglass tanks are lightweight and corrosion-proof. They also have a long life span but can cost more than plastic.
- Steel: Steel tanks are not common because of the rust risk. They are ok if coated or maintained but likely need to be replaced sooner.
Installing a Septic Tank
Nothing can go wrong, especially when it comes to installing a septic tank. A well-set-up system performs much better, lasts longer, and will help avoid problems down the road. It requires planning, ground preparation, and placement of components.
1. Site Evaluation
A licensed professional should examine the site before any digging takes place. They check the soil to see how well it absorbs water. They also assess the depth of the groundwater, the slope of the land and the property’s overall size. This aids in determining the ideal position for the septic tank and also the drainfield. Where soils are not good or the water table is high, special systems may be necessary.
2. Excavation
After the perfect location is selected, the ground is dug to size matched up with the tank. At the bottom, the hole is leveled out and lined with gravel or sand. This is to help keep the tank balanced and drained. Machinery is then used to slowly lower the tank into the hole.
3. Tank Placement
The tank is leveled when it is in position. The area around the tank is then gradually refilled. The soil is layered and packed down to keep the tank from shifting over the years. This is a necessary step to prevent the tank from moving due to rain, groundwater, or pushing from above.
4. Connecting the Pipes
Wastewater flows from the house through the main pipe to the septic tank. The tank contains baffles or T-shaped pipes specifically built within the tank itself. These components direct waste flow and keep solids and greases from exiting the tank prematurely.
5. Surface Preparation
Once all parts are connected, the area is backfilled and graded. This means the soil on top is shaped to help water drain away from the system. Grass or shallow-rooted plants are usually added to hold the soil in place and prevent erosion.
Caring for a Septic Tank
Routine care will normalize the functioning of a septic system and prolong its life. Dust control can also mitigate the likelihood of costly repairs or system failures. This involves checking for maintenance, pumping, good habits, and conserving water.
Inspections
A septic tank needs to be inspected every one to three years. A homeowner can do a basic inspection, but it’s best to hire someone to perform a thorough one. The inspection checks for cracks in the tank, leaking pipes or signs of damage. It also measures how much waste material (sludge) is at the bottom, and how much grease and oils (scum) have accumulated on top. So if there is too much sludge or scum, it’s time to pump the tank.
Pumping
On rental properties, this needs to be done regularly, like every 3 to 5 years. The precise timing will depend on the size of the tank and the number of people in the house. Bigger families or households that consume a lot of water may need to pump more regularly.
Healthy Habits
Proper use of the septic system is as necessary as physical care is. Only human waste and toilet tissue should be flushed down a toilet. Flushing baby wipes, paper towels, sanitary products or trash can break the system.
Water Conservation
Using water efficiently allows the septic system to function better. But when an overwhelming amount of water rushes into the tank at once, it can overload the system, sending waste out and into the environment before it is treated properly.
Rules and Regulations
Local and state standards exist for septic systems that must be satisfied to protect public health.
- Permits and Inspections: A permit must be obtained prior to installation. Local health departments examine design plans, inspect work and approve final operation.
- System Requirements: Regulations address tank size, materials, drainfield design and minimum setbacks from wells, buildings and water bodies.
- Upgrades and Repairs: Systems in sensitive zones may require advanced treatment units or upgrades when sold or if performance falls short.
Summary
Septic tanks are a simple and energy-efficient method of on-site wastewater treatment. With time, the right system, proper installation, and regular maintenance, homeowners will enjoy reliability, lower costs, and peace of mind. Knowing the local laws and taking care of the fish tank means a long life and protects nature.