The ultimate guide to growing mushrooms at home: Tips for beginners and pros

In recent years, many people have started growing edible plants at home. This trend is not just about saving money on groceries. It is also about living sustainably, having access to fresh and organic food, and enjoying the process of growing something. Mushrooms are a unique choice among all the edible plants to grow.

Mushrooms are packed with nutrients, such as protein, vitamins, and antioxidants, that support the immune system, boost energy, and improve overall health. They are also very versatile in cooking, making them a popular ingredient in everything from soups and salads to gourmet dishes. Besides their nutritional value, some types of mushrooms offer medicinal benefits, such as helping to strengthen the immune system and reduce stress.

Growcycle offers a wide range of gardening tools, guides, and products designed to make mushroom cultivation simple and accessible. It also provides high-quality mushroom growing kits that include everything needed to start growing at home, such as pre-prepared substrates and mushroom spawn.

Understanding the Basics of Mushrooms

Mushrooms are the reproductive structures of fungi, which are unique organisms that differ from plants and animals. Unlike plants, fungi do not photosynthesize but instead break down organic matter for nutrients, playing a vital role as ecosystem decomposers.

The main body of a fungus called the mycelium, is a network of thread-like structures known as hyphae. These hyphae spread through a substrate like soil, wood, or compost, absorbing nutrients needed for growth. Under the right conditions, the mycelium produces mushrooms.

Mushrooms are designed to release tiny spores (seed-like particles) into the environment. If they land in suitable conditions, these spores are dispersed by wind, water, or animals and grow into new fungal colonies.

Fungi are highly diverse, with thousands of species. They range from edible mushrooms like buttons, oysters, and shiitake to poisonous and medicinal varieties, making them fascinating organisms to study and cultivate.

Characteristics of Home Grown Mushrooms

Homegrown mushrooms typically have these key characteristics:

• Freshness: They are harvested at the peak of ripeness, resulting in a fresher taste and texture compared to store-bought varieties.
• Flavor: Often richer and more intense, homegrown mushrooms have a more earthy, robust flavor because they are harvested just before use.
• Size and Shape: They can be smaller or more varied than mass-produced mushrooms, with more irregular shapes and caps that can be thicker or more rounded.
• Texture: They tend to have a firmer, meatier texture that holds up well when cooked and offers a satisfying bite.
• Color: Homegrown mushrooms may have more natural, vibrant colors, such as deep browns in shiitake or rich whites in button mushrooms, without the artificial whitewashing seen in some store varieties.
• Moisture Content: They typically retain more moisture, which gives them a juicier texture when cooked.
• Sustainability: Homegrown mushrooms are usually cultivated with minimal environmental impact, often using organic methods and recycled materials like coffee grounds or straw.

Edible Mushroom Varieties for Home Growers

Home mushroom cultivation offers a wide range of options for growing. Here are some of the most popular edible mushroom varieties suited for home growers:

Factors to Choose the Right Mushroom Variety

To successfully grow mushrooms, it is important to select the right variety based on the environment and space. Here are some factors to consider:

Climate

Mushrooms require specific environmental conditions (temperature, humidity, light) to grow properly. Oyster mushrooms thrive in cooler temperatures, while shiitake mushrooms prefer warmer environments.

Space

Determine the available space for growing mushrooms. Some varieties require more room for expansion, while others can be grown in smaller spaces. Varieties like oyster mushrooms can be grown in small containers, while shiitake mushrooms might require logs or larger setups.

Growing Cycle of Mushrooms

The mushroom growing process happens in several stages. Here is a simple breakdown of each stage:

• Spawn: The mushroom spawn, made up of tiny mycelium (fungal threads), is added to the growing material (like straw or sawdust). The spawn starts spreading through the material, preparing it to grow mushrooms.
• Colonization: In this stage, the mycelium grows and spreads through the substrate (the material used for growing). It feeds off the nutrients in the substrate and becomes fully established. This stage can take several weeks, depending on the type of mushroom and the growing conditions.
• Fruiting: Once the mycelium has fully colonized the substrate, mushrooms begin to form. This is when small mushroom pins (baby mushrooms) start to appear. The conditions need to be just right for the mushrooms to grow, including the right temperature, humidity, and sometimes light.
• Harvesting: After the mushrooms have fully grown, they are ready to be harvested. Mushrooms should be picked when their caps are open but before they start releasing spores. Depending on the type of mushroom, this usually happens a few weeks after the fruiting stage begins.

Tools and Materials for Mushroom Cultivation

Certain tools and materials are needed to grow mushrooms at home. Here is a list of what is required:

1. Substrate Options

• Straw: A common material for growing mushrooms like oysters and shiitake. It is easy to prepare and works well for these types.
• Sawdust is ideal for mushrooms that grow on wood, such as shiitake and maitake. Sometimes, sawdust is mixed with other materials to provide extra nutrients.
• Coffee Grounds are a great option for growing oyster mushrooms. Used coffee grounds can provide a good environment for mushroom growth and help recycle waste.
• Wood Logs are used for growing shiitake mushrooms. The mushrooms are grown on logs that have been inoculated with spores, and this method can be used for a long time.

2. Containers and Grow Bags

• Plastic Grow Bags: These bags are good for growing mushrooms in a small space, like oyster mushrooms. They help control the environment.
• Trays or Containers: Shallow trays can be used to grow button mushrooms, while larger containers are good for growing multiple types at once.
• Mushroom Kits: Ready-made kits often come with everything needed to start, such as the substrate and mushroom spawn.

3. Sterilization and Safety Equipment

• Pressure Cookers or steamers sterilize the substrate to kill any unwanted bacteria or mold that might interfere with mushroom growth.
• Spray Bottles: These help keep the humidity levels high, which is important for mushrooms to grow well.
• Gloves and Masks: Using gloves and masks helps prevent contamination when handling the spawn and substrate.
• Alcohol Wipes: These are used to clean tools and surfaces before using them, ensuring everything stays sterile.

Step-by-Step Mushroom Cultivation Process

This guide will explain the process of growing mushrooms, from preparing the materials to harvesting them so that anyone can successfully cultivate their own mushrooms at home.

1. Preparing the Substrate

There are two main methods for preparing the substrate

• Pasteurization: This is when the substrate is heated to a specific temperature (160-180°F) for about an hour to kill harmful bacteria and mold while still keeping beneficial microbes alive.
• Sterilization: This involves higher temperatures (about 250°F) to kill everything in the substrate, including good microbes. It’s often used for more delicate mushrooms like button mushrooms.

2. Inoculating the Substrate

Inoculation is the process of adding mushroom spawn to the prepared substrate. The spawn, which consists of tiny mycelium (fungal threads), is carefully mixed with the substrate to encourage the growth of mushrooms. Handling the spawn carefully is essential to avoid contamination, as unwanted bacteria or mold can affect the crop. 

Once the substrate is cooled after pasteurization or sterilization, the spawn is evenly mixed into it. Handling the spawn gently and mixing it thoroughly but carefully so the mycelium spreads evenly is important. Proper inoculation helps ensure that the mushrooms grow healthily and consistently throughout the substrate.

3. Setting Up the Growing Environment

Mushrooms need specific conditions to grow well. These include the right amount of light, humidity, and temperature:

• Light: Mushrooms don’t need much light, but indirect light helps them form properly. Avoid direct sunlight.
• Humidity: Mushrooms need high humidity (70-90%) to grow. Use a humidity tent or spray water regularly to keep the environment moist.
• Temperature: Most mushrooms grow well at temperatures between 55°F to 75°F, but it can vary depending on the species.

To maintain these conditions, growers can set up a DIY growing environment using clear plastic containers, grow bags, or even a small greenhouse. However, professional setups with temperature and humidity control can be purchased for larger-scale operations to ensure a consistent environment.

4. Caring for the Mushroom Crop

Once the mushroom starts growing, it is important to care for them to ensure healthy growth.

• Regularly monitoring the substrate and mycelium is essential to check for any signs of contamination, such as unusual colors like green, black, or yellow, which may indicate mold or bacteria. In such cases, removing the affected area immediately is important to prevent it from spreading.
• Maintaining the right humidity, temperature, and airflow is crucial to encourage healthy mushroom growth.
• Pests such as fruit flies may sometimes invade the growing area, so the environment must be cleaned regularly and natural repellents used if necessary.

5. Harvesting Mushrooms

Harvesting mushrooms at the right time is key to ensuring the best flavor and texture. Mushrooms are typically ready to harvest when their caps are fully open but are not yet releasing spores. The harvest timing will depend on the mushroom species, but this usually occurs 1-3 weeks after the fruiting stage begins.

When harvesting, mushrooms should be carefully twisted or cut off at the base. Do not pull the mushrooms, which could damage the mycelium and prevent further growth.

Fresh mushrooms can be stored in a cool, dry place or refrigerated for up to a week. Drying or preserving mushrooms is a great way to extend their shelf life for larger harvests. Proper handling and storage ensure that the mushrooms stay fresh and flavorful for as long as possible.

Advanced Techniques for Experienced Growers

For those who have experience in mushroom cultivation and want to take it to the next level, there are advanced techniques to explore. These methods can expand the growing capacity and allow them to grow more specialized and rare types of mushrooms.

1. Expanding Mushroom Operation

Logs are a traditional method for growing mushrooms like shiitake and maitake. This method involves inoculating hardwood logs with mushroom spawn and allowing the mycelium to colonize the wood. It is slower but produces high-quality mushrooms over a long period of time. Once established, logs can be used outdoors and require minimal care.

Setting up outdoor beds can also be a great way to expand the mushroom operation. Growers can create beds using a mixture of straw, wood chips, or other organic materials, which are inoculated with mushroom spawn. This method works well for varieties like oyster mushrooms and can be scaled up for larger yields.

Hydroponic systems grow mushrooms in a soilless medium, such as coconut coir. These systems are more controlled and can offer higher yields in smaller spaces. They require careful attention to water and nutrient levels, but they allow for faster growth and larger harvests.

2. Experimenting with Exotic Varieties

• Truffles: One of the most expensive mushrooms, truffles require a specific growing environment and symbiotic relationships with tree roots. Cultivating truffles can take years, but it can be very rewarding.
• Maitake: Also known as "Hen of the Woods," maitake mushrooms are a popular gourmet variety. For optimal growth, they require careful management of temperature and humidity.
• Enoki: Enoki mushrooms grow best in cooler environments and require a controlled environment to produce the delicate long stems and tiny caps that make them unique.

Challenges of Growing Exotic Varieties

Exotic varieties often require more care and longer growing periods. Truffles, for example, require specific soil types and patience since they take years to mature.

There is also a risk of contamination and environmental factors that may affect the quality and yield of rare mushrooms. However, successful cultivation of these species can bring higher profits due to their market value.

Rewards of Growing Exotic Mushrooms

Growing rare mushrooms like maitake and truffles can increase income, as these varieties are in demand for gourmet cooking. They also provide an exciting challenge and can increase the grower’s expertise in mushroom cultivation.

3. Recycling and Sustainability in Mushroom Growing

Mushroom growing can be highly sustainable if done correctly. Experienced growers often focus on recycling and using eco-friendly practices to reduce waste and energy consumption.

Reusing Substrates

After mushrooms are harvested, the used substrate (also known as spent material) can be reused. This material can be composted and turned into valuable organic fertilizer, or it can be used to grow a second crop of mushrooms, especially varieties like oyster mushrooms.

Some growers mix spent substrate with new material for a second inoculation, allowing the mycelium to grow and produce another harvest.

Reducing Waste

By using organic waste materials like coffee grounds, straw, or wood chips, mushroom growers help reduce the amount of waste that goes into landfills.

Additionally, mushrooms can be grown on agricultural by-products that would otherwise go unused, contributing to more sustainable farming practices.

Eco-friendly Growing Practices

Experienced growers often focus on creating sustainable and eco-friendly systems by using renewable resources, minimizing energy consumption, and reducing the use of chemicals.

For example, using solar power to control temperature and humidity, recycling water, or adopting no-till farming techniques can further reduce mushroom cultivation's environmental impact.

Uses of Mushrooms in Daily Life

Mushrooms are versatile and can be used in various ways in daily life. Here are some of their common uses:

• Cooking: Mushrooms are widely used in cooking. They can be added to soups, stews, salads, pasta dishes, pizzas, and stir-fries.
• Meat Substitute: Mushrooms, especially portobello, have a meaty texture and are often used as a meat substitute in vegetarian and vegan dishes. They are a key ingredient in plant-based burgers and other meat alternatives.
• Flavoring: Dried mushrooms are often used to make mushroom powders or broths, which add rich umami flavor to sauces, soups, and gravies.

• Nutrient Rich: Mushrooms contain vitamins (such as B vitamins), minerals (such as potassium and selenium), fiber, and antioxidants. They support overall health, including immune function, heart health, and bone strength.

• Boosting Immunity: Certain types, such as shiitake and maitake, contain compounds that may help to improve the immune system and fight off infections.
• Low Calorie Food: They are low in calories, making them a great addition to weight management diets.

• Herbal Supplements: Mushrooms can be used in traditional medicine and are available as supplements in powders, capsules, and tinctures. They are believed to support brain health, reduce stress, and improve energy levels.
• Anti Inflammatory: Some mushrooms, like chaga and reishi, have anti-inflammatory properties and may help reduce inflammation in the body, contributing to better joint and skin health.

• Composting: They can be used to break down organic waste in composting processes. Mushroom mycelium (the root system of fungi) helps decompose plant material and enrich the soil.
• Bioremediation: Certain mushrooms are used in bioremediation, a process in which fungi clean up environmental pollutants such as oil spills and heavy metals from the soil.

FAQs

What is the best mushroom to grow at home?

Beginner-friendly mushrooms like oysters, button mushrooms, and shiitakes are ideal for home growing. They are easy to care for and grow well in various conditions.

Do mushrooms need sunlight?

Mushrooms do not need direct sunlight to grow. Depending on the variety, they require indirect light or darkness, with proper humidity and temperature conditions.

How to make mushroom culture at home?

To make mushroom culture, growers need to inoculate a substrate (like straw or sawdust) with mushroom spawn. Keep the substrate in a clean, controlled environment with the right temperature and humidity to allow the mycelium to grow and eventually produce mushrooms.

The Bottom Line

Growing mushrooms at home is a sustainable way to enjoy fresh, nutritious food. Anyone can successfully grow mushrooms at home by understanding the basic growth stages, selecting the right materials, and maintaining ideal growing conditions. 

Advanced growers can expand their operations by experimenting with exotic varieties and sustainable practices, further increasing the benefits of mushroom cultivation. Explore Growcycle to get the right mushroom cultivation tools and tips for healthy growing.

Disclaimer: This material is for informational purposes only and should not be relied on for legal, medical, financial, or any other form of professional advice.

About the Author

Victor Miller

Environmental Journalist Focused on Sustainable Agriculture

Victor Miller is an environmental journalist at Growcycle, specializing in sustainable agriculture. With a passion for storytelling, he highlights the latest trends, innovations, and practices that promote ecological balance and responsible farming.