Pulmonaria (Lungwort): Early blooming perennial for shade

Planting flowers in a predominantly shady area is often a challenge. While a majority of flowers would bloom beautifully with sunlight, there are lesser plants that can survive in the cold, low lit areas. A few perennials that love shade have a hard time in producing flowers, grow feebly, or are susceptible to a number of fungal diseases. This is exactly why selecting the right plants for a shaded area is imperative.

Lungwort, or Pulmonaria, is an excellent option to grow in shady gardens. This early blooming perennial adds color to low light areas and is perfect for a shade garden. The large leaves, which have silvery or white spots on them, make it look stunning even when there is no blooming. In early spring, it produces delicate flowers which shift from pink to blue or purple, hence attracting the attention of the viewers.

Growcycle has a collection of seeds and other plants, which includes hardy perennials that cater to different gardens. Their detailed catalog enables gardeners to find plants that grow under the same conditions easily.

Historical and Medicinal Background

The name Pulmonaria comes from the Latin word pulmo, which means lung. This is because, like many other herbs and plants, it has some resemblance to lung tissue. In addition to that, its association with lung health in traditional medicine also adds to the rich history of this wonderful plant.

In the medieval period, herbalists operated under the Doctrine of Signatures, which stated that certain plants that resemble body parts could be used to treat illnesses related to those organs. It was well known that this plant cured all lung problems since its leaves resembled them. People suffering from coughs, bronchitis, asthma, and tuberculosis were encouraged to use the plant. The leaves were used to prepare teas, tinctures, and poultices. Many believed that they could help with mucus removal and breathing difficulties.

European folk medicine also treated ailments such as stopping bleeding, healing wounds, and even curing urinary tract infections. Some cultures also boil the leaves to treat sore throats and digestive complications. Even with its rich history in traditional medicine, Lungwort herbs are mainly grown as ornamental plants in shade gardens. They are frequently praised for their prominent leaves and sprouts appearing in early spring.

Botanical Description

Lungwort or pulmonary is part of the big family of Boraginaceae (borage). Distinguished because of its stunning leaves and early sprouts blooming in spring makes it one of the most popular ornamental plant for shading gardens.

1. Growth Habit and Size

• Pulmonaria forms low-growing, clumping mounds that spread slowly through rhizomes.
• It ranges in height from 10 to 18 inches (25 to 45 cm) and can spread up to 24 inches (60 cm) wide.
• This plant has a tidy compact bushy shape which makes it a good ground cover for shaded zones.

2. Leaves and Foliage

• One of the features that makes Pulmonaria striking is its unique silvery or white in color spots or flecks. This is the most distinctive part of the foliage.
• The leaves have rough or hair like texture and are oval or lance in shape.
• Some cultivars are fully silvery, giving color to the shaded gardens.
• In mild climate regions the foliage is semi evergreen, while in extreme cold, the foliage dies back.

3. Flowers and Blooming Period

• Pulmonaria has small clusters of bell shaped flowers at the tips of stems which are produced in the spring.
• They bloom in the early to mid spring, most often earlier than other perennial flowering plants.
• Their stems have a unique feature of changing color-changing nature:
• The flowers start with a pink color that hunts then gradually turn blue or purple with aging.
• Some other variations may have white or dark violet blooms as well.
• These early flowers provide great value to pollinators such as bees and butterflies, as they are an important nectar source for them.

4. Root System

• Pulmonaria is very susceptible to the the environment due to its weak and shallow fibrous root system. Thus, it is able to establish quickly but is sensitive to drought.
• It prefers a soil that is moist and well-draining, and benefits from mulching which helps to retain moisture.

5. Reproduction and Propagation

• Over time, Pulmonaria extends through short rhizomes and gradually forms larger clumps.
• This plant can be propagated by division in early spring or fall whilst ensuring there is healthy new growth.
• Some varieties are capable of self-seeding, but it is not to an invasive level.

Types of Pulmonaria (Lungwort)

A number of species and many cultivars that have different foliage patterns and flower colors are included in pulonaria. Below are some of the most common types of Pulmonaria that today can be found in gardens:

Ideal Growing Conditions to Grow Pulmonaria

Lungwort (Pulmonaria) is a hardy perennial plant that loves shade and grows well in cool moist conditions. In order to produce healthy growth with vibrant blooms, it requires the right amount of light, soil, climate, water, and nutrients.

1. Light Requirements

Best suited for partial to full shade, Pulmonaria is often recommended for use in woodland gardens or shaded borders. It is tolerant of some morning sun, but prolonged exposure to sunlight can dry the leaves and result in wilting.

Lower levels of light helps reduce the moisture deficit stress to improve its health. Moreover, dappled shade is also advantegous as it helps flowering and protecting the plant from the heat and dryness.

2. Soil Preferences

Pulmonaria performs best where the soil is rich, has a good drainage mechanism, as well as retaining moisture without getting waterlogged.. The ideal soil should have the following characteristics:

• Soil Type: A loamy or humus rich soil.
• pH Level: Slightly acidic to neutral (ph 6.0-7.0) is most ideal, and will even tolerate a bit of alkaline.
• Drainage: Good drainage is a further requirement to avoid root rot. Compost or organic matter helps improve nutrient value and moisture retention.

3. Climate Zones and Temperature

The pulmonaria plant flourishes in temperate regions, and does well in the USDA Hardiness Zones of 3 through 8, as well as cold winters and light frosts. However, plants in regions with hot and humid summers (zones 9 and beyond) experience heat stress, and should be planted in deeper shade with enough mulch to keep the soil cool. The ideal temperature conditions for pulmonary plants are as follows:

• Spring and Fall: Roots are encouraged in colder temperatures (40 – 65 °F) leading to foliage and flower growth.
• Summer: The plant prefers moderately warm summers; a severe excess in heat (above 80 °F) may lead to dormancy.
• Winter: Pulmonary roots are hardy to the cold, but mulching helps to protect the roots during more extreme freezes.

4. Watering and Moisture Needs

Pulmonaria plants need consistency in moisture, but overly saturated conditions inhibit growth. Plants should be watered deeply once to twice a week, and depending on rainfall, the plant may require further watering. Without sufficient watering droughts, the plant will wilt. To help retain moisture, mulch can be placed at the base. Furthermore, watering should be done at soil level as opposed to watering leaves as that prevents fungal diseases.

5. Fertilization Needs

To promote proper growth, Pulmonaria requires light supplementation with organic materials and specially blended fertilizers. Spreading compost or well-aged manure around the base of the plant in early March will help add the nutrients his soil lacks.

To promote vigor in the plant, a balanced substitute such as 10-10-10 or 5-5-5 can be applied in the spring as well as after blooming to stimulate growth. These fertilizers will encourage vigor throughout the plant. It's important to avoid fertilizers high in nitrogen content during the growing season as they will stimulate an abundance of foliage at the expense of the flowers, decreasing the ornamental value of the plant.

Planting and Propagation Techniques

When to plant Pulmonaria greatly depends on the climate. For cooler temperate climates, early spring after the last frost and early autumn are the most ideal planting times. This gives the roots a chance to settle before harsher temperatures arrive.

In hot regions, Pulmonaria is better planted in the fall to avoid summer heat stress. In mid-summer, it can be planted in shaded areas, provided there is enough regular watering. Here are the common methods to plant Pulmonaria:

1. Direct Seeding

Growing Pulmonaria from seeds might be the slower method, but it is possible. Use these steps for a successful seed germination:

1. If seeds require cold stratisfaction for germination, plant them in late summer or early fall.
2. Scatter seeds on top of the soil and cover them with a thin layer of soil or compost.
3. Diligently maintain the moisture levels of the soil. This process can take several weeks to months.
4. Once seedlings develop three true leaves, thin out younger seedlings.

Because Pulmonaria seeds can be slow to sprout, many gardeners prefer dividing or transplanting for faster results.

2. Transplanting

Grown Pulmonaria is often bought from garden centers and comes as a potted plant. To transplant the plant properly, do the following:

1. Select an area that has shade and is well drained.
2. Dig a hole that is twice the diameter of the root ball and fill the hole with some compost.
3. Remove the plant, loosen the roots, and place it in the hole.
4. Cover the hole with dirt, pat it down slightly, and give it a good soak. 
5. Put a layer of mulch around the base of the shrub or flower to keep water from evaporating and to help keep the right temperature in the soil.

3. Division

Dividing Pulmonaria is the simplest method of reproduction and brings life to older plants. This is best done in early spring or fall when the plant is not actively blooming. 

1. Gently lift the plant out of the ground, taking care not to disturb the root system. 
2. Take a sharp knife or a spade and cut the clump into smaller portions that are manageable. Make sure each portion is left with some roots and leaves. 
3. Divisions should be planted in prepared soil and the portions should be 12-18 inches apart. 
4. Give the plants a good soak and cover the soil with mulch to help it keep moisture.

Troubleshooting Planting Issues

Some common planting challenges and solutions include:

• Bad Germination: Seed germination can be a problem with Pulmonaria seeds. They need a cold environment to stratify. Put them in the fridge for a couple of weeks before planting to give them a chance to sprout. 
• Transplant Shock: It’s common for plants to wilt, or slow down their growth after being transplanted for some time. Water the plants heavily and keep them away from sunlight until they get used to their new home. 
• Slow Growth or Leaves Turning Yellow: These might be problems caused by a lack of nutrients or too much water. Adding compost helps improve soil conditions. Also, check to see if there is too much water in the soil.
• Fungal Diseases: Proper spacing and refraining from watering from above can assist in preventing issues such as powdery mildew.

Care and Maintenance

Pulmonaria is a low-maintenance perennial, but regular care helps ensure strong growth, prolonged flowering, and disease resistance. Proper watering, fertilization, pruning, mulching, and pest management contribute to the plant’s overall health and longevity.

Pruning and Deadheading

Frequent pruning and deadheading will enhance the aesthetic appeal of Pulmonaria while extending the lifespan of the plant. Flowers that have already bloomed should be cut to ground level to allow for new growth and a neater appearance. Cutting back leaves that are damaged, yellowing, or wilting facilitates the emergence of new foliage.

In cases of severe overgrowth or disease, cutting the whole plant back to 2-3 inches (5-7 cm) above soil level will help to rejuvenate the plant. Pruning also encourages air circulation which helps to lower the chance of fungal diseases developing.

Mulching and Soil Health

To prevent moisture loss, temperature increases, and weed development around Pulmonaria, mulching is essential. Organic mulch such as shredded leaves or compost and bark chips keeps the soil cool and aids to prevent water loss.

There should be a 2–3 inch (5–7 cm) layer of mulch, however, to prevent stem rot, it should not be touching the base of the plant. The health of the plants is supported by refreshing the mulch and adding compost to the soil, which also improves fertility.

Pest and Disease Management

Some pests and diseases are known to be a problem Pulmonaria is more or less resistant but it is not completely immune to some common garden insect problems.

• Slugs and Snails: Irregular holes in the leaves are traced back to the feeding activity of these pests. Organic slug traps, diatomaceous earth, or hand-picking can be used to control the pest's population.
• Aphids: These minute creatures tend to suck the sap from the plant and in the process weaken it. Use neem oil or insecticidal soap or even a strong blast of water through a pipe.
• Powdery Mildew: Looks like the leaves having white patchy powder on them. Vanilla should be used under the leaves for good airflow, water should not be sprinkled from above, and fungicidal sprays should be used if needed.
• Leaf Spot: Dark patches appearing on leaves due to excessive moisture. Space the plants well, cut off the effected leaves and plant to stop the propagation.

Seasonal Care Tips

Pulmonaria requires different care strategies depending on the season:

• In spring, the plant should be topped up with some compost or a balanced fertilizer to promote strong initial growth. Water aids in blossoming, and mulching assists in soil moisture while soil is mulched.
• Watering should be increased during dry periods of summer and damaged or yellowing leaves should be cut to keep the plant healthy. Organic methods should be used for slugs and aphids as they are the most prominent pests in Pulmonaria.
• For fall, moderate watering can be practiced as the temperatures begin to decrease, and the mature clumps can be divided and replanted if necessary. The roots will need protection from frost damage, so a layer of mulch should be added before winter.

FAQs

Is Pulmonaria shade tolerant?

Yes, Pulmonaria thrives in partial to full shade and prefers cool, low-light conditions.

Is lungwort a perennial?

Yes, lungwort is a hardy perennial that returns each year with vibrant foliage and flowers.

Is lungwort an evergreen?

No, lungwort is not. In winter lungwort loses its leaves but it does get new ones in spring.

The Bottom Line

Pulmonaria can be an important addition to the garden as this plant is rich in color while being rough and durable. The low maintenance requirements, stunning spring blooms, and appealing foliage greatly assist in adding value to any landscape with the assistance of this plant. Unlike other shade plants which are weak, sick, or die, this one can thrive in cool, moist weather providing captivating attraction with its unique, spotted leaves all through the year.

Knowing how to take care of this plant will guarantee flourishing for years. It can change dull, dark areas into colorful, bright spots while being decorated with vivid flowers and foliage. For more helpful information about perennial plants, visit Growcycle.

Disclaimer: This material is for informational purposes only and should not be relied on for legal, medical, financial, or any other form of professional advice.

About the Author

Victor Miller

Environmental Journalist Focused on Sustainable Agriculture

Victor Miller is an environmental journalist at Growcycle, specializing in sustainable agriculture. With a passion for storytelling, he highlights the latest trends, innovations, and practices that promote ecological balance and responsible farming.